Evolutionary theory predicts that fluctuating environments favor adaptations that maximize geometric-mean fitness by reducing variance in performance across conditions. We tested this prediction experimentally by evolving the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus cremoris on the sugars fructose and galactose in density-controlled chemostats under four resource regimes: constant supply of fructose, constant supply of galactose, a constant mixture of both sugars, and a temporally alternating supply of the two. In the absence of temporal variation, trade-offs between fructose and galactose resulted in evolutionary divergence into a fructose specialist and a galactose specialist. In contrast, adaptation to temporal resource variation equalised growth performance on both sugars by increasing its growth rate on galactose and decreasing it on fructose. Interestingly, performance equalization emerged across replicate populations through distinct resource-transition strategies, indicated by differences in resource affinity and growth recovery on fructose and galactose among strains isolated from the evolved populations. Our results show that temporal resource variation selects for variance-minimizing resource adaptations while adopting multiple resource transition strategies, illustrating how distinct modes of metabolic plasticity can yield convergent fitness outcomes.
Ekkers, D. M., Costa Rillo, M., Moreno-Gamez, S., Kuipers, O., van Doorn, G. S.
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