Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can deliver RNA and proteins into host cells to manipulate immunity; but how EVs transverse the cell wall is unknown. Using the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea that induces cross-kingdom RNA interference in plants, we uncovered that EV-mediated RNA delivery was dependent on cell wall degrading enzymes. Through fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy, and molecular genetic techniques, we demonstrate that EV-associated proteins compromise the plant cell wall, thereby facilitating RNA delivery. Notably, cell wall degrading enzymes are commonly associated with EVs across plant-colonizing bacterial, fungal and oomycete species, indicating a conserved role in EV transport across cell walls. These findings uncover a formerly unknown mechanism by which cell wall degrading enzymes facilitate EVs to transverse the cell wall for cargo delivery in cross-kingdom communication.
Oberkofler, L., Tisserant, C., Krueger, C., Rodriguez-Rendon, M., Seydel, C., Cheradil, A., Safari, N., Biabani, A., Cheng, A.-P., Ostendorp, S., Klingl, A., Kehr, J., Robatzek, S., Weiberg, A.
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