We are constantly exploring the world around us through touch. Active touch depends on coordination of movement and force, yet the forces used during natural exploration and their relationship with perception is largely unexplored. Here we measured exploration forces together with fingertip motion while 17 participants explored 14 textures and rated their perceived hardness, slipperiness, or roughness. Exploration strategies differed systematically across tasks: hardness judgments involved relatively stationary pressing with larger and more variable normal forces, whereas slipperiness and roughness judgments relied more on sweeping movements. Within tasks, interaction forces covaried with perceptual ratings: harder textures elicited larger maximum tangential forces, consistent with diagonal pressing, while more slippery textures were explored with faster fingertip motion and lower forces. Estimated dynamic friction was negatively correlated with perceived slipperiness but not roughness. At the same time perceived roughness was strongly related to vibrations in the force, indicating distinct physical bases for these perceptual dimensions. These results show that humans actively tailor contact mechanics to perceptual goals during active exploration, supporting a sensorimotor account of texture perception.
Darabi, N., Delhaye, B. P., Bensmaia, S. J., Palmer, S. E., Sobinov, A. R.
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