Vocal fold (VF) fibrosis is a major cause of persistent dysphonia due to excessive extracellular matrix deposition and tissue stiffening that disrupt normal vocal fold vibration. Current treatment approaches are limited by the need for repeated local injections and inadequate long-term therapeutic control. Pirfenidone (PFD), an FDA-approved antifibrotic agent, has demonstrated potential for reducing fibrosis; however, its short half-life and systemic adverse effects limit conventional administration strategies. In this study, we developed a sustained and near-infrared (NIR)-responsive local delivery platform by integrating PFD-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles into biodegradable PLGA implants for dose-controllable antifibrotic delivery. PFD-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were fabricated using an oil-in-water emulsion solvent evaporation method and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nanoparticles with small, medium, and large hydrodynamic diameters were generated to evaluate the effect of particle size on release behavior. Gold nanorods (AuNRs) were incorporated to enable photothermal NIR-triggered release enhancement. The nanoparticles were subsequently loaded into non-porous PLGA (90:10) implants and evaluated for long-term in vitro release under physiological conditions with and without pulsed 1064 nm laser irradiation. The nanoparticle-loaded implants demonstrated sustained PFD release for over 190 days with minimal initial burst release (<2.5%). NIR irradiation enhanced PFD release compared with non-irradiated controls across all nanoparticle sizes. Smaller nanoparticles produced greater cumulative release than medium and large nanoparticles due to shorter diffusion pathways and larger surface-area-to-volume ratios. Prior to implant fracture, cumulative PFD release reached approximately 20.2%, 14.8%, and 12.3% of total loading for small, medium, and large nanoparticle groups under 2-min irradiation conditions, respectively. Dialysis membrane studies further demonstrated that the PLGA capsule acted as an additional diffusion barrier that substantially prolonged release compared with nanoparticles alone. Overall, this study demonstrates a hybrid nanoparticle-in-implant strategy capable of providing sustained and irradiation-enhanced local PFD delivery with tunable release characteristics. These findings support the potential of biodegradable, dose-controllable implant systems for long-term management of vocal fold fibrosis while reducing the need for repeated interventions.
Mwaniki, J., Kelley, J., Park, Y.
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