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MacaSurfer: unified surface-volume mapping of the macaque brain across the lifespan

Preprint Created on 17 Jun 2026 bioRxiv

Macaque brain MRI is central to translational and comparative neuroscience, yet multi-site, longitudinal, and cross-species analyses are hindered by a lack of unified, automated structural processing tools. Existing pipelines, mostly adapted from human neuroimaging or restricted to fragmented steps, fail to provide robust surface-volume representations across heterogeneous acquisitions and developmental stages. Here we introduce MacaSurfer, a fully automated, containerized framework for unified surface-volume mapping of the macaque brain across the lifespan. MacaSurfer features components tailored for macaque anatomy: a tissue segmentation model, a tissue-guided bias-field correction method optimizing structural mapping from T1-weighted images alone, topology-aware surface reconstruction, and surface-aware volumetric registration. Validated on 1,346 imaging sessions from 965 macaques across 39 international sites (spanning 2 weeks to 23 years of age), MacaSurfer demonstrated exceptional anatomical consistency, test-retest precision, and robustness against image degradation. Leveraging MacaSurfer-derived morphometry, we established normative trajectories from 835 macaques, providing a standardized reference for downstream individualized deviation analysis. MacaSurfer is openly available with source code, containers, and pretrained models, offering a reproducible ecosystem to accelerate developmental, translational, and comparative neuroimaging.

Wei, Y., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Chen, L., Cheng, L., Gao, J., Zhu, Q., Chu, C., Xu, T., Gao, C., Jiang, T., Vanduffel, W., Fan, L.

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