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Differentiating 5-thiooxazoles from oxazolone-coupled thioamides in RiPP natural products

Preprint Created on 10 Jun 2026 bioRxiv

Conversion of cysteine residues to 5-thiooxazole moieties by multinuclear nonheme iron-dependent oxidative enzymes (MNIOs) is a prevalent modification in ribosomally synthesized, post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) natural products. However, this post-translational modification (PTM) is difficult to distinguish from MNIO-produced oxazolone-coupled thioamides, such as those present in the RiPP methanobactin. The RiPP virulence factor oxazolin contains six copper-binding heterocycles installed by an MNIO. Here, we reassign these PTMs, originally described as oxazolones/thioamides, as 5-thiooxazoles on the basis of detailed comparative chemical and structural characterization of oxazolin and methanobactin. These data establish a benchmark for differentiating these two PTMs in newly discovered RiPPs.

Manley, O. M., Shriver, T. J., Ayala, J. M., Owen, B. C., Ziarek, J. J., Rosenzweig, A. C.

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