Sleep spindles are hallmarks of non-rapid eye movement sleep and support memory consolidation, yet remain difficult to modulate non-invasively. Combining computational modeling and human sleep recordings, we show that thalamus-targeted temporal interference stimulation (TIS) with a 5Hz envelope increases spindle density via subthreshold resonance in thalamocortical relay neurons. Our results demonstrate a mechanistic framework for the rational design of interventions to selectively augment sleep spindles.
Navas Zuloaga, M. G., Raufeisen, T., Okyere, P., Neufeld, E., Kuster, N., Dijk, D.-J., Violante, I. R., Bazhenov, M., Bartsch, U.
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